Large-scale data from comparative studies of reading patterns in dyslexic and normal reade

In addition to varying definitions of dyslexia, educators and clinicians have also developed varying subtypes or classifications of dyslexia based on differing patterns of underlying symptoms. Such categories are useful in choosing among remediation strategies, and also for purposes of defining popu

However, dyslexia is not a visual problem that involves reading letters or words backwards or upside down, nor are such reversals a defining characteristic of dyslexia. Many individuals with dyslexic symptoms involving reading, writing, and spelling also exhibit symptoms in other domains such as poor short-term memory skills, poor personal organizational skills, problems processing spoken language, left-right confusion, difficulties with numeracy or arithmetic, and issues with balance and co-ordination.